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Objective To study the prevalence of drinking water type of endemic fluorosis in Shandong Province,and to provide a scientific basis in making strategies for prevention and control of the disease.Methods Ten counties (cities,districts) were selected by random number table method to carry out the epidemiological study,and to study the progress and effect of water-improving and defluoridation projects.Three villages in each county (city,district) were chosen to determine fluoride content of drinking water and to check the prevalence of dental fluorosis of children 8 to 12 years old.Water fluoride content was determined with fluoride ion-selective electrode,and dental fluorosis was diagnosed by the Deans method.Results In the 10 counties (cities,districts),a total of 515 water-improving and defluoridation projects were built covering 3 207 fluorosis villages,and the waterimproving rate was 81.71％ (3 207/3 925).A total of 85 water-improving and defluoridation projects were investigated in the 10 counties (cities,districts),and all of the projects were operating normally.The number of projects that water fluoride concentration ≤ 1.20 mg/L was 51; the qualified rate of water fluoride concentration was 60.00％ (51/85),and the maximum value of water fluoride was 4.38 mg/L.A total of 29 villages that had waterimproving and defluoridation projects were investigated in the 10 counties (cities,districts),and the number of villages that mean of water fluoride ≤ 1.20 mg/L was 21,accounting for 72.41％ (21/29); ＞ 1.20 mg/L was 8,accounting for 27.59％ (8/29),and the maximum value of water fluoride was 4.02 mg/L.In the 21 qualified villages of water fluoride concentration,a total of 1 023 children aged 8 to 12 were examined; the positive rate of dental fluorosis was 38.12％ (390/1 023); dental fluorosis index was 0.67,and the prevalence of dental fluorosis was extremely low.In the 8 exceeding-standard villages of water fluoride content,a total of 449 children aged 8 to 12 were examined; the positive rate of dental fluorosis was 54.79％ (246/449); dental fluorosis index was 1.18,and the prevalence of dental fluorosis was mild.Conclusion In Shandong Province,the water fluoride content of waterimproving and defluoridation projects exceeds the national standard seriously,and the condition of children's dental fluorosis is still serious,and the measures of water-defluoridation should be further strengthened.
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Objective To understand the status of endemic fluorosis in Shandong Province.Methods In accordance with the requirements of the National Surveillance Scheme of Drinking-Water-Type Endemic Fluorosis (Trial) and Shandong Provincial Surveillance Scheme of Drinking-Water-Type Endemic Fluorosis (Trial),ten counties (cities,districts) were chosen in the province,and ten water-improvement projects were selected in each county (city,district).The operating effect of water-improvement projects was investigated; one peripheral water sample of each project was collected,and water fluoride content was tested.Three epidemic villages were chosen as fixed monitoring villages in each county (city,district).In the villages that had changed water source,one peripheral water sample was collected; in unchanged water source villages,one water sample was collected following five different directions of the east,the west,the south,the north and the center of the water source location; and the water fluoride content was tested.All students aged 8 to 12 were checked for dental fluorosis in the monitoring villages.The fluoride content in drinking water was detected by fluoride ion selective electrode method,and dental fluorosis was diagnosed by Dean's method.Results ① In the 10 counties (cities,districts),a total of 85 water-improving projects were monitored,and all the projects were in normal operation; the water fluoride contents of 47 projects were qualified,and the qualified rate of water fluoride content was 55.29％(47/85),with the maximum of water fluoride content was 4.74 mg/L.② In the 30 fixed monitoring villages,27 monitored villages had water-improving projects; water fluoride contents of 19 villages were qualified,the qualified rate of water fluoride content was 70.37％ (19/27),with the maximum of water fluoride content was 4.77 mg/L.In the 3 monitored villages without water-improving projects,villages of mean water fluoride contents ≤ 1.20 mg/L and ＞ 1.20 mg/L were two and one,respectively,with the maximum of water fluoride content was 1.55 mg/L.③ In the 19 monitored villages with water-improving projects that in normal operating condition with qualified water fluoride content,the detected rates of dental fluorosis and the defect type of dental fluorosis among children aged 8 to 12 years old were 52.37％(508/970) and 6.39％(62/970),respectively,and the index of dental fluorosis was 1.02.In the 8 monitored villages with water-improving projects that in normal operating condition with water fluoride content that exceeded the national standard,the detected rates of dental fluorosis and the defect type of dental fluorosis were 62.39％ (297/476) and 8.82％ (42/476),respectively,and the index of dental fluorosis was 1.67.In the 3 monitored villages without water-improving projects,the detected rates of dental fluorosis and the defect type of dental fluorosis were 49.45％ (90/182) and 7.14％ (13/182),respectively,and the index of dental fluorosis was 1.25.Conclusions In Shandong Province,the water fluoride content of water-improving defluoridation projects exceeds the national standard seriously,and water quality of the projects still need to be further improved.The projects of water-improving defluoridation play a certain role in control of dental fluorosis condition,but the condition of children' s dental fluorosis is still very serious.So preventive and control measures for endemic fluorosis should be further strengthened.
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Objective To explore the influences of selenium,age,sex,education level,occupation and other factors on cognitive function in elderly of rural areas in Shandong Province.Methods Rural Chinese aged 65 years or older were sampled from Gaomi County and Zichuan County from 2006 to 2007 in Shandong,Province by cluster sampling method.Demographic characteristics were collected,and cognitive functions were surveyed using dementia community survey(CSID),including dementia test,CERAD word list learning,recall test,Indiana University (IU) story recall test and impact test on animals.The nail samples were collected and the selenium content was tested using 2,3-diamino-naphthalene fluorescence assay.The relationship between selenium and other related factors(age,sex,education level,occupation,et al) With cognitive function was analyzed.Results A total of 1 000 people aged 65 years or older were investigated.In which,457 were males,and 543 were females.Most elderly were farmers and illiteracy.The differences of CSID total scores and IU story recall scores between different selenium groups were statistically significant(F =2.56,9.18,P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01).Multiple linear regression model analysis showed,age,sex,education level,occupation,hypertension and nail selenium content had significant impact on CSID scores(t =-9.942,-6.848,5.391,2.276,-2.863,2.309,all P ＜ 0.05).Age,sex,education level,occupation and nail selenium content had significant impact on IU story recall test (t =-4.252,-2.021,8.203,2.528,4.490,all P ＜ 0.05).While age,sex,education level,occupation were main influence factors to animal fluency test(t =-7.951,-6.166,7.544,2.824,all P＜ 0.05).Conclusions Selenium is a protective factor for cognitive function of elderly in Shandong Province.Besides,age,sex and education level also have impact on cognitive ability of rural elderly.
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Objective To evaluate the inverse distance weighted(IDW) in revealing the characteristics of spatial distribution of water fluoride in Heze City,Shandong Province.Methods A geographic information system (GIS) database of water fluoride was established in Heze City of Shandong Province using the data of endemic fluorosis surveys collected by Endemic Disease Prevention Institute in Shandong Province during 2005-2007.IDW spatial interpolation was applied to predict the distribution of fluoride in drinking water in 139 towns of Heze City.Sensitivity and specificity were calculated.Results Mean water fluoride levels in 10 counties of Heze City were all higher than 1.0 mg,/L,and the water fluoride in Cao County,Juye,Mudan District and Juancheng were higher than 2.0 mg/L.Of all 139 townships of Heze City,129 were higher fluoride townships where fluoride was ＞ 1.0 mg/L,10 were lower fluoride townships(≤ 1.0 mg/L).IDW spatial interpolation showed that the water fluoride of most areas in Heze City were ＞ 1.0-2.0 mg/L.The areas with water fluoride of ＞ 2.0-3.0 mg/L were mainly located in eastern Juancheng,northern Mudan District,north-central Chengwu,central and southern Juye,southeastern part of Caoxian and eastern part of Shan Town.Regions of water fluoride ＞ 3.0 mg/L were mainly distributed in Xieji and Wanfeng towns of Juye County,Jishan town of Juancheng County,Sunlaojia town of Caoxian and Dusi town of Mudan County.The internal verification results showed that the sensitivity,specificity and overall accuracy rate of IDW used for predicting water fluoride content was 100.00％ (129/129),10.00％ (1/10) and 93.53％ (130/139),respectively.While the external verification results showed that the sensitivity,specificity and overall accuracy rate of IDW for predicting water fluoride content was 100.00％(31/31),11.11％(1/9) and 80.00％(32/40),respectively.Conclusion With the application of IDW interpolation,it is feasible to infer the overall spatial distribution based on the monitoring data,and to reveal the spatial characteristics of water fluoride in Heze City,Shandong Province.
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Objective To understand the schedule and effectiveness of water-improving defluoridation projects comprehensively of control of fluorosis in drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Shandong Province,and to provide a scientific basis for making strategies for prevention and control of the disease.Methods In accordance with the requirements of Shandong Provincial Survey Scheme for Implementation of Prevention and Control Measures of Endemic Fluorosis,the progress of water-improving defluoridation projects was investigated in Shandong Province.The types of water source,scale and operating conditions for water-improving defluoridation projects in 17 cities of the province were investigated.Water fluoride contents of the normal operating projects were detected by F-ion selective electrode.Results ① By the end of 2012,a total of 3 539 water-improving defluoridation projects were built that covered 9 856 fluorosis villages,113 counties,17 cities in the province,and the water-improving rate was 91.01％ (9 856/10 830).The type of water source of water-improving project was mainly groundwater,accounted for 93.78％ (3 319/3 539) of the total projects.As for the scale of the water-improving projects,small centralized water supply projects were the main projects,accounted for 92.96％(3 290/3 539) of the total projects.\)Of all the water-improving defluoridation projects,normal operating projects accounted for 89.12％(3 154/3 539),intermittent and scrapped projects accounted for 3.25％(115/3 539) and 7.63％ (270/3 539),respectively.③Among normal operating projects,the number of projects with water fluoride content ≤ 1.20 mg/L was 1 925,accounted for 72.40％(1 925/2 659).The number of projects with water fluoride content ＞ 1.20 mg/L was 734,accounted for 27.60％ (734/2 659); among them water fluoride contents between 2.01-4.00 mg/L and ＞ 4.00 mg/L were 233 and 65,respectively,and the highest water fluoride value was 9.71 mg/L.Conclusions The progress of water-improving projects in some cities (counties) of Shandong Province is still slow.Some of the water-improving projects can not be operated normally or have been scrapped,and water fluoride content has exceeded the standard seriously.So the prevention and control measures need to be further strengthened,funding should be increased,and the operating conditions and water quality of the water-improving defluoridation projects in Shandong need to be further improved.
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Objective To establish an animal model of high-iodine and low-protein in Wistar rats,and to observe the effect of combined excess-iodine and low-protein diet on growth,metabolism and morphological changes in thyroid.Methods According to body weight[(110 ± 10)g] and sex(half male and half female),one hundred and ninety-two Wistar rats,1 month after weaning,were randomly divided into ① normal iodine control group (NI),② 10-fold excess-iodine group (10HI),③ 50-fold excess-iodine group (50HI),④ 100-fold excess-iodine group (100HI),⑤ low-protein control group (LC),⑥ low-protein and l 0-fold excess-iodine group (L10HI),⑦low-protein and 50-fold excess-iodine group (L50HI),⑧ low-protein and 100-fold excess-iodine group(L100HI).Twenty-four rats were in each group,with the experimental period of 6 months.The iodine content of NI and LC groups was 4.65 μg/d; 10HI,50HI and 100HI groups were 46.50,232.50 and 465.00 μg/d,respectively.The animal's body weight,water and feed consumption were recorded weekly.At the end of 60,120,180 days,urine and blood samples were collected from eight rats in each group.Urinary iodine was tested by arseni cerium catalytic spectrophotometry; serum iodine was tested by the method of chloric acid.Histological change of the thyroid gland was observed by transmission electron microscopy and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining at the end of 6 months; apoptosis of thyroid was tested by terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) method.Results At the end of 4,8,16,18,22 and 24 weeks,the differences of body mass of rats among groups were statistically significant(F =4.26,3.75,4.98,4.09,3.28,3.95,all P ＜ 0.05).At the end of 60,120,180 days,the differences of iodine concentration in urine and blood among groups were statistically significantly (H =5.37,6.03,all P ＜ 0.05).Light microscopy showed that thyroid follicular epithelial cells became flattened,and follicles became distended with colloid following increasing of iodine concentration.Electron microscopy showed increased glial vesicles,condensation of nuclear chromatin,karyopyknosis,and karyolysis with increasing of iodine concentration.The differences of apoptotic indexes among groups were statistically significant (F =4.59,P ＜ 0.01).The apoptotic indexes of L50HI and L100HI groups [(21.50 ± 5.20)‰,(26.70 ± 6.40)‰] were higher than those of 50HI and 100HI groups [(11.20 ± 4.30)‰,(19.40 ± 4.80)‰,P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05].Conclusion Excessiodine and low-protein can cause growth retardation,abnormal iodine metabolism,and thyroid follicular epithelium damage in Wistar rats.
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Objective To understand the status quo of the illness situation and the implementation of prevention and control measures on Kashin-Beck disease( KBD ) in Shandong Province , and provide a scientific basis for assessment and acceptance of the work on eliminating KBD. Methods In accordance with the requirements of the national “Implementation Scheme for Endemic Disease Control in 2012” and the “Shandong Provincial Technical Scheme for KBD Control in 2012”. In four towns of Qingzhou, three epidemic villages were selected as the surveying villages in each town in order to understand the implementation of measures for prevention and control of KBD; information such as population of investigating villages, per capita income, farming, food and the implementation of control measures,etc were included. In each investigating village, 7 - 12 years old children were selected to receive clinical and X-ray examination. When fewer than 50 people in a investigating village , one additional endemic village was included near the investigating village , and all children aged 7 to 12 of the village were checked. The number of cases of clinical degree Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲand the detection rates, X-ray positive detection rate, the number of cases of metaphysis, epiphysis, distal end of phalanx, carpal bone, triad and the detection rates were calculated, respectively. Clinical and X-ray diagnosis were based on “The Diagnostic Criteria of Kaschin-Beck disease”(WS/T 207-2010). Results A total of 14 epidemic villages were selected to survey in four towns of Qingzhou. In the recent three years in the epidemic areas, measures of supplying Se had not been implemented;measures of resettlement and off-site education had not been implemented either. In the epidemic areas , the main crops were wheat and corn; the staple food was flour which accounted for more than 80%, and the foreign food bought accounted for only 11%. The areas of returning farmland to forest (grass) accounted for 0.32%(36/11 151) of the original arable land, and the areas of replanting economic crops accounted for 1.17%(131/11 151) of the original farmland. A total of 536 children aged 7 to 12 were examined by clinical and X-rays. Patient of KBD was not detected clinically. Six positive patients with metaphyseal changes of KBD were detected by X-rays, and the average X-ray detection rate was 1.12%(6/536). Patients with abnormal epiphysis, distal end of phalanx and carpal bone were not detected by X-rays. Conclusions KBD in Shandong Province has been effectively controlled. Since the cause of KBD is still unknown, it is necessary to build a sustainable long-term control mechanism of KBD;further improve the monitoring system and dynamic monitoring work still need to be strengthened.
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Objective To observe urinary iodine levels in the rat model for excessive iodine intake and monophagia.Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups:normal diet control group(NC),10-fold iodine + normal diet group(10 HI-N),50-fold iodine + normal diet group(50 HI-N),100-fold iodine + normal diet group(100 HI-N),monophagia control group(MC),10-fold iodine + monophagia group(10 HI-M),50-fold iodine + monophagia group(50 HI-M),100-fold iodine + monophagia group(100 HI-M).The excessive iodine intake groups exposed to 1 400,7 600,15 350 ?g/L I-through drinking water presented higher levels of daily iodine intake,which were 10,50,100 times of those in control groups.During the exposure period,the body weights of the rats were measured weekly,the levels of urinary iodine were determined at the second,the fourth and the sixth month.Results The body weights of the excessive iodine intake groups with monophagia were lower than that of the NC group.In normal diet groups and monophagia diet groups,the levels of urinary iodine increased with the increase of iodine intake.The levels of urine iodine in 50 HI-M group and 100 HI-M group were significantly higher than those of the related groups with higher iodine intake.Conclusion The experimental animal model of excessive iodine intake and monophagia are successfully established in the present research,with physical retardation and higher urinary iodine.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the genetic polymorphisms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1F(UGT1F) and the relationship between polymorphisms and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The polymorphisms of UGT1F of 84 patients with HCC and 144 healthy controls were detected by PCR-denaturation gradient gel electrophoresis-sequencing or PCR-single strain conformation polymorphsim-sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Three new single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP) were found: the first one was a transversion of TrarrG at nucleotide 232; the second one was the transition of ArarrG at nucleotide 528 in exon 1; the last one was the transition of ArarrG at nucleotide 376 in intron 2. Additionally, the polymorphism at nucleotide 754 was proved in this study. The frequencies of genotype and allele of 4 loci in cases and controls were analyzed. Both frequencies of genotype G/G(13.10%) and allele G (29.17%) of position 754 of UGT1F in cases were sig nificantly greater than those in controls (2.78% and 19.44% ) respectively. For other loci, the difference between the two groups were not significant.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Exons 2-5 of UGT1F are highly conservative, but exon 1 emerges highly polymorphic. And the polymorphism at locus 754 may be related with HCC.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Alleles , Amino Acid Substitution , Base Sequence , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular , Genetics , DNA Mutational Analysis , DNA, Neoplasm , Chemistry , Genetics , Gene Frequency , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genetics , Genotype , Glucuronosyltransferase , Genetics , Liver Neoplasms , Genetics , Odds Ratio , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Polymorphism, Single-Stranded ConformationalABSTRACT
Purpose:To assess the association between the genetic polymorphisms of N-acetyltransferase1 (NAT 1) and the susceptibility to primary liver cancer (PLC). Methods:The NAT1 genotypes of 96 PLC cases and 173 controls were detected with polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. And the interactions between NAT1 and environmental risk factors were also analyzed. Results:In PLC cases, the frequencies of NAT1 *3, NAT1 *4, NAT1 *10 and NAT1 *14B were 20.3%, 50.5%, 24.0% and 5.2%, respectively. The frequencies of NAT1 *3/ *3, NAT1 *3/ *4, NAT1 *3/ *10, NAT1 *3/ *14B, NAT1 *4/ *4, NAT1 *4/ *10, NAT1 *4/ *14B, NAT1 *10 / *10 and NAT1 *10/ *14B genotypes were 4.2%, 25.0%, 3.1%, 4.2%, 31.3%, 10.4%, 3.1%, 14.7 and 4.2%, respectively. No statistically significant difference of the frequencies was found between the two groups. In PLC cases, the frequencies of rapid type NAT1 and slow type NAT1 were 32.3% and 67.7% respectively, which had no statistically significant difference compared with the control group. The interaction between NAT1 *10 and occupational exposures was found with an odds ratio of 3.40(95%CI:1.03～11.22). Conclusions:There is no relation between genetic polymorphisms of NAT1 and PLC. NAT1 *10 interacts with occupational exposures.
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Objective To research the growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cell(HUECV) cultured with different dose of selenium. Methods HUVEC were cultured with selenium in various concentration (50、100、500、1000、2000 nmol/L) for 48 h in vitro. The morphological changes of cells were observed, activity of cell was measured by MTT method, and at the same time the levels of SOD, GSH-Px, MDA, NO, iNOS, eNOS in the culture were determined. Results At the doses of 1 000-2 000 nmol/L, the cells were damaged and revealed related morphological change. Cell activity was significantly higher at the dose of 100 nmol/L compared with that of control (P